练 · 同义替换——阅读和听力共用的那把钥匙

本练导读

这是第一节练习课，从这里开始就是这个 Track 的主体了。

先练同义替换（paraphrase），因为它一个人占了雅思两项的命脉：阅读题干几乎从不与原文用同一个词，听力录音也几乎从不把题干的词原样念出来。出题人做的第一件事就是把原文换一层皮，你的任务是认出皮下面是同一个东西。

这不是技巧，是能力——但它是少数几个能被直接训练的能力之一，而且练了立刻见效。

本练 9 题 + 1 个产出任务，三级爬升：认出 → 定位 → 自己造。参考答案与讲评在文末，请全部做完再往下翻。约 25 分钟。

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第一级 · 认出（4 题）

判断下面每组的第二句，是否忠实地转述了第一句。不忠实的，指出问题出在哪。

P1

A. Street trees have long been treated as ornamental.

B. Street trees were regarded as decorative for a long time.

P2

A. The cooling effect is not merely a matter of shade.

B. The cooling effect has nothing to do with shade.

P3

A. A survey of twelve municipalities found that some districts recorded lower summer temperatures.

B. Research in twelve local government areas showed that certain neighbourhoods were cooler in summer.

P4

A. Newer developments are left with saplings that will not deliver comparable cooling for another twenty years.

B. Young trees in recently built areas will take about two decades to provide the same level of cooling.

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第二级 · 定位（3 题）

下面是一段学术类阅读风格的原文。读一遍，然后为每个题干找出对应的那一句，并写出替换发生在哪几个词上。

Urban planners have long treated street trees as ornamental. Recent work in several European cities suggests otherwise. A 2019 survey of twelve municipalities found that districts with dense canopy cover recorded summer surface temperatures up to four degrees lower than comparable districts without. The cooling is not merely a matter of shade: transpiration from leaves removes heat from the surrounding air. However, the benefit is unevenly distributed. Wealthier neighbourhoods typically inherit mature trees planted decades ago, while newer low-income developments are left with saplings that will not deliver comparable cooling for another twenty years.

P5 题干：Leaves contribute to cooling through a process other than blocking sunlight.

P6 题干：Affluent areas benefit from trees that were planted long before the residents arrived.

P7 题干：The temperature gap between leafy and bare districts can reach four degrees.

对每一题写下：① 对应原文第几句；② 题干里的哪个词是原文哪个词的替换。

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第三级 · 自己造（2 题 + 产出任务）

认得出还不够。能自己写出替换，认出的速度会快一个量级——因为你开始从出题人那边看问题了。

P8 把下面这句话用完全不同的词重写一遍，意思不许变、不许省略信息：

Wealthier neighbourhoods typically inherit mature trees planted decades ago.

P9 反过来做一次出题人：为原文的第二句（Recent work in several European cities suggests otherwise.）编一个 False 的题干——注意，是 False（与原文矛盾），不是 Not Given（原文没说）。这两者的区别是无数人 6 分和 7 分的分水岭。

产出任务：找一段你手边的任何英文（新闻、说明书、邮件都行），挑出 3 个句子，各写一句 paraphrase。写完对照下面这张表检查自己用了几种手法——只用了换同义词的话，说明还停在最浅的一层。

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替换的五种手法

出题人翻来覆去就用这五招，认全了阅读速度会明显变化：

手法	原文	替换后
换词	ornamental	decorative
换词性	The cooling is uneven	The unevenness of the cooling
换语态	trees planted by the council	the council planted the trees
换句式	...trees, which were planted decades ago	...trees planted decades ago
概括 / 具体化	twelve municipalities	a number of local authorities

最后一行「概括」最危险，因为它同时是替换手法和陷阱手法：往上概括一层通常是安全的转述（twelve municipalities → several areas），但概括过头就变成了 False（twelve municipalities → most European cities）。判断的标准只有一条：原文能否支撑这个范围。

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参考答案与讲评

P1 — 是忠实转述。 ornamental → decorative（换词），have long been treated → were regarded for a long time（换句式 + 时态调整）。语态都是被动，信息量相同。这是最标准的替换。

P2 — 不忠实。 程度被改掉了。 not merely a matter of shade = 遮阴是原因之一，但不止；nothing to do with shade = 遮阴完全不是原因。原文后半句 transpiration ... removes heat 是在追加一个机制，不是在否定遮阴。这题在真题里就是标准的 False。 记住这一组高危词：not merely / not only / more than just 都表示"不止"，绝不等于"不是"。

P3 — 是忠实转述。 municipalities → local government areas（换词，且是概括得当的那种）、districts → neighbourhoods、recorded lower summer temperatures → were cooler in summer（换词性：名词短语变形容词）。注意 B 用了 certain，与 A 的 some 对齐，没有扩大范围——如果 B 写成 all neighbourhoods，立刻变 False。

P4 — 是忠实转述。 saplings → young trees、newer developments → recently built areas、another twenty years → about two decades、comparable cooling → the same level of cooling。四处替换叠在一起，看起来面目全非，信息一字不差。雅思真题的难句通常就是这个密度——不是词难，是替换多。

P5 — 对应第 4 句（The cooling is not merely a matter of shade: transpiration from leaves removes heat...）。 替换点：a process other than blocking sunlight ← not merely a matter of shade + transpiration。题干用"另一种不同于遮挡阳光的机制"整体转述了冒号后面那半句。这题的难点是题干里没有任何一个词出现在原文里——process、blocking sunlight 都是新造的。

P6 — 对应第 6 句（Wealthier neighbourhoods typically inherit mature trees planted decades ago）。 替换点：Affluent ← Wealthier、planted long before the residents arrived ← inherit ... planted decades ago。注意 inherit（继承）这个词的信息被题干拆开重述成"在居民到来之前很久就种下"——这是把一个词的隐含义展开，属于高阶替换。

P7 — 对应第 3 句。 替换点：leafy ← with dense canopy cover、bare ← without、gap ← lower than。 但请再看一眼原文的 up to four degrees——up to = 最高可达。题干写的是 can reach four degrees（可以达到四度），忠实。如果题干写成 is four degrees（就是四度）或 is at least four degrees（至少四度），两者都是 False。up to / at least / on average 这三个词，在数据题里几乎每次都是考点。

P8 参考答案（不唯一，你的版本只要满足"信息不丢、用词不同"就算过）：

Districts with higher incomes generally end up with well-established trees that were put in the ground many years earlier.

用到的手法：Wealthier neighbourhoods → Districts with higher incomes（换词性：形容词变介词短语）、inherit → end up with、mature → well-established、planted decades ago → put in the ground many years earlier（换语态 + 换词）。

P9 参考答案：

False 题干：Recent research confirms that street trees serve a purely decorative function.

原文说近期研究"表明并非如此"（suggests otherwise，即树不只是装饰），题干说研究证实树纯粹是装饰——直接矛盾，是 False。

对比一个 Not Given 的版本：Recent research in European cities has influenced planning policy. 原文完全没提政策有没有被影响，既不能证实也不能证伪。 分辨的口诀：能在原文里找到一句和它打架的，是 False；找不到任何一句能对上的，是 Not Given。"我觉得不太可能"不是判断依据。

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过关自测

随堂测验0 / 5 题正确

1. 原文：The cooling is not merely a matter of shade. 下面哪个题干是 False？

AShade is one of several factors behind the cooling.BThe cooling cannot be explained by shade alone.CShade plays no part in the cooling effect.DMore than one mechanism produces the cooling.

2. 原文写 up to four degrees lower。以下题干哪些是 False？（多选）多选

AThe difference can be as much as four degrees.BThe difference is always four degrees.CThe difference is at least four degrees.DThe difference never exceeds four degrees.EThe difference reaches a maximum of four degrees.

核对

3. 原文只说了 a survey of twelve municipalities。题干写成 most European cities，属于 Not Given 而非 False。

A正确B错误

4. 把 The unevenness of the distribution is striking 还原成原文的 The benefit is unevenly distributed，用到的替换手法叫什么？（填两个字）填空

核对

5.挖空

判断 False 与 Not Given 的口诀：在原文里能找到一句与题干的，判 False；找不到任何一句能对上的，判 。

核对

本练小结

• 同义替换是阅读和听力共用的底层能力，出题人的五种手法：换词、换词性、换语态、换句式、概括／具体化
• 程度词是头号陷阱：not merely ≠ not，up to ≠ at least ≠ always
• 概括过头 = False，不是 Not Given；判 False 必须在原文里指得出打架的那一句
• 会自己造替换的人，认替换的速度快一个量级——所以第三级的产出任务别跳

带走的长期动作：从今天起，读到任何一个生词时多做一步——把它的同义词或近义表达一起记下来。你的搭配本（上一课布置的）从这一课开始可以多一列。

下一站：听力填空——听之前就该定下来的三件事。同义替换在那里会以听觉形态再出现一次，这就是"循环巩固"的意思。