课程库 › 雅思 › 第二单元 · 四项循环 · 第一轮 › 第 30 课
练 · 句子升级——把自己的 5.5 句改成 6.5 句
练习课约 30 分钟
本练导读
第一单元里我们看过两个版本的句子,说过差别在四个地方。这一课把那四个地方拆成四个可以逐句执行的动作,然后你在自己的句子上做一遍。
要先说清楚这一课不做什么:它不教你背高级句型、不给你万能模板、不让你在作文里塞 Furthermore, it is undeniable that。那些东西考官一眼认得出,而且 Lexical Resource 的 descriptor 里写着 with some awareness of style——用错场合的大词是扣分项,不是加分项。
这一课做的是相反的事:把你已经会的词用准,把你已经会的结构接上。9 题 + 1 个产出任务,参考答案与讲评在文末。约 30 分钟。
四个动作
先记住这四个名字,后面所有题都在练它们:
- 砍空词 — 删掉不承载信息的词和句
- 换准词 — 把泛词换成这个语境里唯一对的词
- 接结构 — 把两个简单句合成一个有主次的句子
- 消重复 — 同一个词在三行内不出现第二次
顺序是有讲究的:先砍再换,最后才接。反过来做会得到一个又长又空的复杂句,那比原来的短句还糟。
第一级 · 诊断(4 题)
下面每句各有一个最主要的问题。指出是四个动作里的哪一个该上场,并说明具体位置。
P1
Nowadays, with the rapid development of society, more and more people think that education is very important.
P2
The government should give money to schools. The schools need money for computers. Computers help students learn.
P3
Air pollution is a serious problem. This problem affects many people. Solving this problem requires effort.
P4
Many people do sport because sport is good for the body and doing sport makes people happy.
第二级 · 定向改写(4 题)
这次告诉你用哪个动作,你来执行。
P5(砍空词)把这句压到 12 词以内,信息不许丢:
In today's modern society, there are a lot of different kinds of factors that can have an influence on a person's decision to move to another country.
P6(换准词)把 get、do、big、thing 各换成这个语境里更准的词:
Students who get a scholarship can do their research without worrying about money, which is a big thing for people from low-income families.
P7(接结构)把这三句合成两句,让主次关系显出来:
Cities are growing quickly. Public transport cannot keep up. Traffic congestion gets worse every year.
P8(消重复)这段里 problem 出现了三次、important 两次。改写它:
Traffic is an important problem in big cities. This problem is caused by too many cars. Solving the problem is important for the future.
第三级 · 上手(1 题 + 产出任务)
P9 下面是一段真实水平的考生段落(大约 5.5)。用四个动作,按顺序过一遍,写出你的版本:
Nowadays, many people think that working from home is a good thing. In my opinion, I agree with this opinion. Firstly, working from home can save a lot of time because people do not need to go to the office. Secondly, it is very important for the environment because there are fewer cars.
产出任务:找一段你自己写过的英文——任何东西都行,作业、邮件、以前的练习。挑出连续的四五句,用同样的顺序过一遍。
改完对照下面的自查清单。
改写自查清单
- 有没有一整句删掉之后意思不变?(那句就是空的)
- 有没有
very、a lot of、good、important、thing、nowadays?每个都问一次:能不能换成具体的词? - 全段有几种句子结构?如果每句都是"主语 + 动词 + 宾语",至少接一个从句或分词
- 有没有词在三行内出现了两次以上?(
the、of这类功能词不算) - 最后一问,也是最重要的一问:改写之后,我还有把握每个句子都是对的吗?
第五问为什么最重要
Band 7 的语法描述是 produces frequent error-free sentences——能产出频繁的无错句。
这意味着:一个你有把握写对的中等复杂度句子,价值高于一个你没把握的高级句型。为了显得高级而写出一个你自己都不确定的结构,是纯亏损——它同时损害 Grammatical Accuracy 和 Coherence。
判断标准很简单:这个结构你以前用对过至少三次吗?没有的话,先别在考场上用,把它放进搭配本,用熟了再上。
参考答案与讲评
P1 — 砍空词。
Nowadays, with the rapid development of society 整个删掉,一个字的信息都没有。这是中文作文习惯迁移过来的"开场铺垫",在英文议论文里是纯负担——考官一天读几十篇,这个开头出现的频率高到成为反面标志。
more and more people think that 也是空的(谁?多多少?),very important 更是。
改法:
Education has become a priority for families across income levels.
从 19 词到 9 词,信息反而多了——因为原句实际上什么也没说。
记住:作文的第一句不用"引入话题",直接进入你的立场或题目的核心张力。
P2 — 接结构。
三个短句各自成立,但它们之间的逻辑(因果链)被句号切断了。descriptor 里的 variety of complex structures 要的正是把这种关系写进句子内部。
改法:
Additional funding would allow schools to buy the computers their students increasingly need.
三句并一句,for 的目的关系和 need 的因果关系都在句内表达了。
注意这里没有用任何"高级"结构——只是一个 allow sb to do 加一个省略了 that 的关系从句。复杂结构不等于长和难,等于句内有主次。
P3 — 消重复。
problem 三次。而且第二、三句的 This problem / the problem 是典型的"原地打转"——句子在重复上一句,没有推进。
改法:
Air pollution affects millions of urban residents, and reversing it will require sustained effort rather than one-off measures.
用 it 代替第三次重复,用 Air pollution 本身当主语避免第二次。同时顺手把空洞的 requires effort 变具体了。
P4 — 换准词(兼消重复)。
sport 出现三次,good for the body 和 makes people happy 都是泛词。
改法:
People take up sport for two reasons: physical fitness and the sense of wellbeing it brings.
do sport → take up sport(更准的搭配),good for the body → physical fitness,makes people happy → the sense of wellbeing。三个替换全是把泛表达换成名词化的准确表达——这正是 Lexical Resource 从 6 走向 7 的典型路径。
P5 参考答案(12 词以内):
Many factors influence the decision to emigrate.
(7 词)原句 27 词,全部的信息量就是这一句。In today's modern society 是废话(今天当然是现代社会)、a lot of different kinds of 是三层同义堆叠、have an influence on 是 influence 的注水版。
注水动词短语是最隐蔽的空词,列几个高频的,看到就换:
| 注水写法 | 换成 |
|---|---|
| have an influence on | influence / affect |
| make a decision to | decide to |
| give consideration to | consider |
| is able to | can |
| in the event that | if |
P6 参考答案:
Students who receive a scholarship can pursue their research without worrying about money, which is a significant advantage for people from low-income families.
get → receive(receive a scholarship 是固定搭配)、do research → pursue research(do research 不算错,但 pursue 更准且更书面)、a big thing → a significant advantage。
请注意这四个换法没有一个是生僻词。receive、pursue、significant、advantage 全是你早就认识的词。从 6 到 7 的词汇差距,主要不是认识多少词,是把认识的词放对位置。这就是为什么这个 Track 让你记搭配而不是记词表。
P7 参考答案:
As cities expand, public transport struggles to keep pace, and congestion worsens each year.
或者拆成两句、主次更明显的版本:
Cities are expanding faster than their transport networks can absorb. The result is congestion that worsens year on year.
两个版本都可以。第一版用 As 引导的状语从句,第二版用 faster than 的比较结构加一个关系从句。关键是三个事实之间的因果被写进了句子结构里,而不是靠读者自己脑补。
P8 参考答案:
Congestion is one of the defining pressures on large cities, and it stems largely from private car use. Easing it matters for the decades ahead.
problem 三次 → 一次也没用(pressures、it、it)。important 两次 → defining 和 matters。
顺手换掉的还有 caused by too many cars → stems from private car use(更准,也避开了口语化的 too many)。
P9 参考答案(原段 62 词,改后 55 词):
Remote work is now a mainstream arrangement rather than a perk. I would argue that its main benefits are practical: employees reclaim the hours they once spent commuting, and cities see a measurable drop in vehicle emissions.
四个动作分别做了什么:
- 砍空词:
Nowadays, many people think that删除、In my opinion, I agree with this opinion删除(这句话本身零信息,而且opinion还重复了)、very important删除。 - 换准词:
a good thing → a mainstream arrangement、save a lot of time → reclaim the hours、fewer cars → a measurable drop in vehicle emissions。 - 接结构:
Firstly / Secondly两个独立句合并成一个用冒号引导、用and并列的句子。Firstly / Secondly不是错,但它把逻辑关系外包给了序号——考官想看的是关系本身。 - 消重复:
working from home三次 →Remote work一次加两个its / employees的指代。
说明
留意改后段落的长度只减少了 11%,但信息密度大幅上升。改写的目标从来不是变短,是让每个词都干活。有时候改完反而更长——只要多出来的词都在承载信息,那就是对的。
过关自测
1. 为什么 Nowadays, with the rapid development of society 这个开头应该整句删掉?
2. 以下哪些属于「注水写法」,应该换成更直接的表达?(多选)多选
3. 在考场上,一个没把握的高级句型比一个有把握的中等句型更值得写,因为句式多样性是评分项。
4.挖空
四个改写动作的正确执行顺序是:砍空词 → → 接结构 → 消重复。为什么砍要放在最前面?因为先接结构会得到一个又长又的复杂句。
5. 把 Students who get a scholarship 改成 Students who receive a scholarship,这个改动属于四个动作里的哪一个?(填三个字)填空
本练小结
- 四个动作,顺序不能乱:砍空词 → 换准词 → 接结构 → 消重复
- 空词的两大来源:套话式开场(
Nowadays, with the development of...)和注水动词短语(have an influence on) - 复杂结构 ≠ 长句,= 句内有主次。三个短句之间的因果关系写进句子里,就是 descriptor 要的
variety of complex structures - 有把握的中等句型 > 没把握的高级句型。判断线:用对过三次以上
- 改写的目标不是变短,是让每个词都干活
带走的长期动作——每天一句改写:
从你当天读到的任何英文里挑一句你觉得写得好的,抄进搭配本,然后在下面写一句:"这句好在哪个动作上"。是词准?是结构接得漂亮?还是它避开了某个你会犯的重复?
一天一句,一个月三十句。这三十句会变成你考场上真正敢用的那批结构——不是背来的,是拆过的。
下一站:口语 Part 1——把一句话答案变成四句。同样是输出,但节奏完全不同:写作可以慢慢改,口语只有一次。
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